By Joseph S. Nye, Jr*
Daily Times
July 12, 2007
What hard power the UN has must be begged and borrowed from the member states. And when they cannot agree on a course of action, it is difficult for the organisation to operate. As one wag has put it, 'We have met the UN and it is us!'
With 192 members and a mandate that covers everything from security to refugees to public health, the United Nations is the world's only global organisation. But polls in the United States show that two-thirds of Americans think the UN is doing a poor job, and many believe it was tarnished by corruption during the Iraq oil-for-food programme under Saddam Hussein. Many also blame the UN for failing to solve the Middle East's myriad problems. But such views reflect a misunderstanding of the UN's nature. The UN is more an instrument of its member states than an independent actor in world politics.
True, UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon can make speeches, convene meetings, and propose actions, but his role is more secretary than general. Sometimes likened to a "secular Pope," the UN Secretary General can wield the soft power of persuasion but little hard economic or military power. What hard power the UN has must be begged and borrowed from the member states. And when they cannot agree on a course of action, it is difficult for the organisation to operate. As one wag has put it, "We have met the UN and it is us!" When blame is assigned, much of it belongs to the members.
Consider the oil for food programme, which was designed by member states to provide relief to Iraqis hurt by sanctions against Saddam's regime. The secretariat did an inadequate job of monitoring the programme and some corruption was involved. But the much larger sums that Saddam diverted for his own purposes reflected how the member governments designed the programme, and they chose to turn a blind eye to the abuse. Yet the programme's problems are portrayed in the press as "the UN's fault."
The cost of the entire UN system is about $20 billion, or less than the annual bonuses paid out in a good year on Wall Street. Of that sum, the secretariat in New York accounts for a mere 10%. Some universities have larger budgets. Another $7 billion supports UN peacekeeping forces in places like the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Lebanon, Haiti, and the Balkans. The rest - more than half - is spent by the UN's specialised agencies, which are located around the world and often play an important role in managing global trade, development, health, and humanitarian assistance.
For example, the UN High Commission for Refugees helps to alleviate the problems of displaced persons, the World Food Programme provides assistance to malnourished children, and the World Health Organisation supports the public health information systems that are crucial for dealing with threats from pandemics like avian flu. The UN does not have the resources to solve the problems in new areas like AIDS or global climate change, but it can play an important convening role in galvanising the actions of governments.
Even in the area of security, the UN retains an important role. The original 1945 concept of collective security, by which states would band together to deter and punish aggressors, failed because the Soviet Union and the West were at loggerheads during the Cold War. For a brief moment after a broad coalition of countries acted together to force Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait in 1991, it looked like the original concept of collective security would become "a new world order." Such hopes were short-lived. Consensus within the UN proved unachievable on both Kosovo in 1999 and Iraq in 2003.
Sceptics concluded that the UN had become irrelevant for security questions. Yet in 2006, when Israel and Hezbollah fought to a stalemate in Lebanon, states were only too happy to turn to a UN peacekeeping force. Ironically, peacekeeping was not specified in the original charter. It was invented by the second Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjold, and Canadian Foreign Minister Lester Pearson after Britain and France invaded Egypt in the Suez crisis of 1956. Since then, UN peacekeeping forces have been deployed more than 60 times.
There are now roughly 100,000 troops from various countries wearing UN blue helmets around the world. Peacekeeping has had its ups and downs. Bosnia and Rwanda were failures in the 1990's, and then Secretary General Kofi Annan proposed reforms to deal with genocide and mass killings. In September 2005, the states in the UN General Assembly accepted the existence of a "responsibility to protect" vulnerable peoples. In other words, governments could no longer treat their citizens however they wanted.
A new Peace-building Commission was also created to coordinate actions that could help prevent a recurrence of genocidal acts. In East Timor, for example, the UN proved vital in the transition to independence, and it is now working out plans for the governments of Burundi and Sierra Leone. In the DRC, peacekeeping forces have not been able to curb all violence, but they have helped to save lives. The current test case is the situation in Sudan's Darfur region, where diplomats are trying to establish a joint peacekeeping force under the UN and the African Union.
In the poisonous political atmosphere that has bedeviled the UN after the Iraq War, widespread disillusionment is not surprising. Ban Ki Moon has a tough job. But, rather than calling the UN into question, states are likely to find that they need such a global instrument, with its unique convening and legitimising powers. While the UN system is far from perfect, the world would be a poorer and more disorderly place without it.
About the Author: Joseph S. Nye Jr is a professor at Harvard and the author of Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics.
