Global Policy Forum

By Madeleine K. Albright

Following is an article contributed to The Korea Herald by U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright on the occation of the 10th anniversary of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.

Ten years ago today, Saddam Hussein violated international law and betrayed pledges made to Arab leaders by launching a brutal invasion of Kuwait. The world bore witness as Iraqi tanks, troops, and gunships carried out unprovoked aggression against a neighboring Arab nation.

During the invasion and subsequent occupation, the Iraqi regime perpetrated systematic atrocities against the Kuwaiti people. Torture, mutilation, rape and murder were used as deliberate weapons of intimidation and terror. The Iraqi forces looted Kuwaiti museums, businesses, and homes. They pillaged its industries, ravaged its environment, and took thousands of its residents hostage. The world responded to Saddam Hussein's invasion with nearly unprecedented unity and resolve.

The U.N. Security Council voted to impose an embargo on trade with Iraq. More than 20 nations - including many Arab states - committed troops or other resources to deter further aggression. President Bush declared that the occupation of Kuwait must not stand.

For almost six months, the world explored diplomatic means for resolving the crisis. The Security Council approved a series of resolutions exhorting Iraq to respond to global norms. The Secretary General and other world leaders urged Saddam Hussein to pull his forces back to within Iraqi borders. U.S. Secretary of State James Baker met with his Iraqi counterpart in a last-ditch effort to prevent conflict.

But Saddam Hussein refused to depart from his menu of bluster and lies - or from the lands his troops had so brutally and unlawfully occupied. Given no choice, the international coalition that had been assembled struck and liberated Kuwait.

The end of the war could have been the beginning of Iraq's recovery and reintegration into the family of nations. All that was required was for Saddam Hussein to meet the requirements insisted upon by the Security Council. These were designed not to punish Iraq, but rather to prevent renewed aggression, and to gain an accounting of the more than 600 Kuwaitis missing after being abducted by Iraqi forces during the war.

If Baghdad had simply met these obligations, the U.N. economic sanctions would long ago have been lifted. Instead, Saddam lied repeatedly to U.N. weapons inspectors and sought to conceal and preserve his capacity to build weapons of mass destruction. As a result, the U.N.-required process of disclosure, inspection, and monitoring that should have taken months to establish instead took years and is still not complete.

This illustrates the fundamental choice Saddam has had throughout the past decade. He has always had the option to comply with the U.N. requirements, cease to be a military threat to his neighbors, end his people's isolation, and enable Iraq to once again become a normal, law-abiding country. But he has stubbornly refused to follow this path.

Instead, he has chosen to defy the U.N., rebuild his military to the extent he can, and exploit the suffering of Iraqi civilians in order to gain sympathy for lifting sanctions.

This is why Saddam so long opposed efforts, led by the United States, to establish an "oil for food" program to ease the impact of sanctions upon the Iraqi people. It is why he chose to squander Iraq's limited resources on building more than 70 new palaces for himself and his cronies, rather than on the health and education of Iraqi children. And it is why he has relentlessly sought to portray his regime as a victim, instead of admitting that Iraq's suffering is the result of his own aggression, lies, and ruthless ambition.

Saddam still thinks his strategy will succeed. He is determined to continue crushing all signs of opposition within Iraq. He is counting on the world community to forget his past use of chemical weapons, his preparations for launching warheads containing biological arms, and his efforts to build nuclear bombs.

He is encouraged by his success in seducing some governments and NGOs to embrace his disingenuous arguments. He hopes his people's suffering will worsen, so the pressure for lifting sanctions will heighten, and the revenues he needs to rebuild his weapons of mass destruction will once again begin to flow.

The problem for Saddam is that the facts are not on his side. The U.N. sanctions have never prohibited or limited the amount of food or medicine Iraq could import. And the oil-for-food program has now been expanded to the point where the Iraqi government says it plans to export more oil by the end of the year than it did prior to the Gulf War.

As a result, the availability of food to Iraqi civilians has risen significantly. And in northern Iraq, which is subject to sanctions but not to Saddam's misguided administrative control, child mortality rates are lower now than they were a decade ago.

In addition, the Clinton administration is devoting additional personnel to the job of processing sanctions-related export requests at the United Nations, so that legitimate goods may be shipped without undue bureaucratic delay.

Much has changed since Aug. 2, 1990, but there is one constant, and that is the brutal duplicity of Saddam Hussein. His victims include his Arab neighbors, Iraqi Kurds and Shiites, political dissidents and his own citizens. He wants the world to forget what happened 10 years ago, and to ignore his prevarications in the decade since, but we must not.

We must honor the memory of those who died as a result of Saddam's aggression by vowing not to permit it to happen again. We must maintain our resolve to lift the siege Saddam has imposed upon the Iraqi people. And we must strive for the day that will surely come when we can welcome Iraq's return as a full participant and partner in the international community.