Global Policy Forum

By Paul Mooney

Xiao Wang's eyes well up with tears as she tells her story in a Beijing coffee shop. In 1999 the young beautician left her home in northeast China for the bright lights of the Chinese capital. Three years and a string of low-paying jobs later, the 23-year-old Changchun native is unemployed and broke. Her meager savings were drained by a kidney ailment, daily expenses and an impetuous decision to invest 800 yuan in acting classes that led nowhere.

Alone and lost, Wang does not know what she will do next. But one thing is certain: as bad as things get for her in the big city, she has no plans to return to the northeast. Things there would only be worse. "I have no plans to return to my old home," she says. "If I did, there would be nothing for me to do there."

The gritty cities of China's northeastern rust belt, once the proud pistons of old communist China, are in crisis. Major state-owned enterprises here—a mix of steel mills, oil wells and manufacturing companies—have been forced to stand or fall under their own weight. And the brunt of this economic crunch—with its factory closings and massive layoffs—has fallen most squarely on the shoulders of women. Unskilled, untrained and often in the bottom-rung jobs, the rust-belt women have been hit hardest by the sudden shift to a market economy. "Everyone in Harbin has several female relatives who are out of work," complains Liu Chinshu, a resident of Heilongjiang's provincial capital who has been laid off twice in recent years. "At least one third of the women I know are unemployed." Chen Lanyan, northeast Asia adviser for the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), says that spouses often work for the same company, and that the management believes it's easier to lay off the wife, who can then tend to the family while the husband remains the breadwinner. There is also a more practical explanation, says an NGO field researcher: "Factories think a lot of men laid off could pose a threat to society." So it's little wonder that every day more young women like Xiao Wang strike out on their own in hopes of finding a new life in some other corner of China.

But not everyone leaves. The rising tide of female unemployment is on display in downtown Harbin on almost any afternoon. In a park along the Songjiang River, dozens of unemployed women crowd under Nestle and Coke sun umbrellas peddling soft drinks and snacks. Scores of others hold up cheap trinkets or handicrafts, beckoning tourists to take a look. They are all over 40, which has become the de facto—albeit involuntary—"retirement" age for women in northeast China. "I never even thought of looking for a job," says Xia, who lost her factory job one year ago and now sells light sticks and rings in the park. "If you're over 40 and have no skills and no diploma, no one wants to hire you." Many women will accept almost any work to earn some cash. "I've done everything," says Li, a former factory worker who has been laid off since 1992. "Men don't want to do these things because they feel embarrassed." But this is the good season for selling their wares. When the bitter winter arrives in Heilongjiang, which borders Russia, most of these women will be forced inside—and away from their customers.

Yet they may be the lucky ones. For young rust-belt women, even greater misery can await. On narrow, tree-lined Fushun Street, dozens of small, private employment agencies have sprung up in tiny shopfronts, where hundreds stand shoulder to shoulder reading the advertisements that cover every inch of the walls. Most of the jobs for women are as cleaners, maids and restaurant workers, offering as little as 350 to 600 yuan a month (about $40 to $70). But it's hard to know for sure which signs represent actual jobs. The private employment industry is unregulated, and many in it prey on women. "A woman looking for a job sees an advertisement offering high pay and a decent job," says UNIFEM's Chen. "She connects with the job agency, pays her fee and subsequently finds herself abducted into forced labor."

For those unwilling to take that risk, there are other options. Nowadays thousands of northern girls—known for their height and beauty—can be found working as prostitutes from Beijing in the north to Guangdong in the south, and even in far western Tibet. "When a friend comes back wearing nice clothes and with expensive things, they are impressed because they have never seen so much," says Yang Yang, a former party worker. "Since they have no capabilities or diploma, they have no other way." The number of women from the region working as call girls has grown so large that the Northeast has developed a reputation—to the chagrin of native residents—for producing prostitutes. When a northerner in Beijing was recently asked where she was from, she replied, "Shenyang," hastening to add, "but don't think I'm one of those girls."

The Communist Party is worried how its handling of the workers' plight will affect its own reputation with the people. Worker unrest ranks near the top of Beijing's list of concerns these days. And economists predict that unemployment is only likely to get worse now that China has joined the World Trade Organization and must face greater foreign competition. Those new jobs that come to China because of its WTO membership will require high-tech skills and experience, which is more bad news for the women of the northeast. It's understandable why so many pine for the good old days of socialism.

The late Chairman Mao Zedong once famously proclaimed that women "hold up half the sky." Maybe that was then. Because these days the women of China's rust belt don't hold much—except trinkets for sale.

FAIR USE NOTICE: This page contains copyrighted material the use of which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. Global Policy Forum distributes this material without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. We believe this constitutes a fair use of any such copyrighted material as provided for in 17 U.S.C § 107. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.