Two years ago, when the Monterrey FFD Conference was held, there was considerable momentum generated in which governments pledged to work within a coherent policy framework led by the UN to address critical finance and development issues. The CSOs too had hopes that the FFD process would help to tackle the problems.
Two years later, we find that this political momentum has dissipated. And that the problems of finance and development have remained or worsened. The debt crisis continues for many countries, and more countries are on the brink of financial crisis, aid is still inadequate, capital flows remain unregulated, there are large currency fluctuations and other forms of financial stability, an impasse in multilateral trade relations, the continuing crisis in commodities, and a huge net transfer of resources from South to North.
The need to strengthen the FFD process
The theme of this year's session meeting is coherence, coordination and cooperation. But in the title there is a fourth C, which is context, the context of the Monterrey Consensus and of finance and development. This fourth C is the most vital, because context is key. Coherence, coordination and cooperation are only the means. We must cohere, cooperate and coordinate in line with certain principles and policies, which form the context. If we cohere and coordinate according to the wrong lines and context, it would be worse than not having coherence at all.
There is also a fifth C, and that is capacity. The capacity of the FFD follow up process and mechanism to meet the challenge. We know the seriousness of the problems. But in comparison the follow up capacity is extremely light and weak. We only have, annually, this one-day event. It is even only called a meeting. No doubt the name of the meeting has been embellished with the terms "special" and "high level", but that does not hide the fact that this is only a one-day event, lacking a firm institutional framework. There is also the biannual FFD dialogue, which is an expanded version of this meeting. And besides these few days of discussion, there is hardly any other official events, except for a few hearings. In contrast, the UN has a Commission on Sustainable Development for environment and development issues, and a Commission on Social Development for social issues. Surely the set of issues contained in finance and development deserve at least a Commission within which the discussions can take place and actions can be followed up.
Similarly, the secretariat servicing the FFD, however high the quality of its work, is too weak and has inadequate resources, given the enormity of the problems. The present mandate is grossly insufficient and thus cannot effectively affect the outcomes that are needed. This weak framework must be supplemented or expanded:
1. This spring one-day meeting should be expanded to two or three days to enable more serious dialogue and the dialogue should include the planning of actions.
2. Task forces (that include NGO representatives) should be established to discuss and propose actions on various issues, such as debt, financial flows, trade and finance. They can meet in between the annual meetings and biannual dialogues.
3. The intergovernmental process should be strengthened. A Commission on Financing for Development should be established. There should be a bureau of government representatives to coordinate affairs in between the annual meetings.
4. The UN secretariat or parts of the secretariat handling FFD matters should be strengthened. It should regularly produce more detailed and high-quality papers and reports on the range of FFD issues that can inform on the latest situation and provide suggestions and guidance. It should organize forums, task forces and meetings on the various key issues.
5. The role of NGOs should be strengthened in the process and in the expanded mechanisms.
The FFD is still an orphan child in search of parents. It needs the father of an effective intergovernmental process and the mother of a strong secretariat that can nurture it, and the NGOs can be the brothers and sisters that help develop the child. The problems are so serious, we need not only to keep them alive, but to keep them burning bright in order to make any progress.
The NGOs feel that the governments and the UN system must redouble and retriple the efforts to reach an outcome of development, empowering people, reducing inequality, bringing about sustainable development that delivers health, food, jobs and a clean environment.
Development requires that there be enough financial resources, financial stability, and the channeling of financial resources to productive investments in appropriate economic and social activities with clean environment processes, and that that fulfill human needs in the context of sustainable growth and development.
Where do we stand today on financing for development? The situation is very disappointing. The following is a summary of a few of the key issues.
Comprehensive treatment of external debt
On the issue of external debt, there has been very little progress. The situation is still unresolved for most developing countries that have a debt problem. A comprehensive and systematic solution should now be found for all groups of countries. As the representative from the IMF reported just now from the discussions in one of the roundtables, having a debt overhang is very detrimental to a country's growth and ability to meet the Millennium Development Goals, as excessive debt prevents the use of resources for useful activities (such as education, health and basic infrastructure) and impedes investment.
Thus a comprehensive approach is now required. For low income countries, the HIPC initiative has not succeeded, and it is time that there be debt cancellation for all low-income countries, including those that are not now categorized as HIPC. For middle income countries facing a debt servicing problem, the problem must also be resolved, otherwise it is possible some of them will slip into the category of low-income. For these countries, there should be debt relief or partial debt cancellation. For countries facing the danger or possibility of debt default, they should have resourse to a systematic and fair debt workout mechanism in an international framework agreed to by all. In the absence of this framework, countries may have to initiate their own debt workout solutions, and they should not be blamed when they seek such unilateral solutions. The concept of debt sustainability has to be revised, keeping in mind that a country has to ensure there is sufficient finances to meet the needs of its citizens.
Reconsider loan conditionality
The unpopular and largely discredited structural adjustment policies underwent a metamorphosis into the PRSP process, with the popular terms poverty reduction, participation and country ownership added on. However the core economic content has remained the same. Thus the same problems as were in the structural adjustment programme remain in the PRSP. At the least, there should be a reconsideration of the macroeconomic, trade and financial liberalization aspects of these loan conditionalities.
• The macroeconomic core policies have been pro-cyclical and contractionary, contributing to stagnation or recession. They should be reconsidered and in their place there should be counter-cyclical pro-growth recovery policies.
• The conditions for financial liberalization (free inward and outward movement of capital flows) should be reconsidered in view of the recent evidence of harm that capital mobility can cause and has caused to many countries.
• The conditions for rapid trade liberalization, especially import liberalization, have to be changed, in view of the damage to the domestic industrial and farm sectors casued by imports of cheap products resulting from excessively rapid tariff reduction.
Reform of the international financial system
The framework for international finance is in disarray with the rise of instability and volatility in capital flows, in currency rates, and with financial crises afflicting more countries. But the international community has been dragging its feet in re-building a system that leads to financial stability.
The following are urgently needed:
• An international system of regulation of capital flows, at least to prevent speculative activities that generate volatility and financial crises.
• An international framework that enables individual developing countries to regulate inflows and outflows of various types of funds (including credit, portfolio investment and foreign direct investment).
• A system that stabilizes exchange rates among the currencies that are used for interanational transactions, as well as the currencies of the developing countries.
• A reform of the roles and governance systems of the Bretton Woods institutions.
Trade and finance
As we know, trade flows have a major effect on financial resources. The current impasse at the WTO is an opportunity to re-balance the multilateral trade system and re-orient it to the needs of developing countries. The following are some of the measures required:
• Revise the WTO's agriculture rules so as to prevent the dumping of subsidized products at artificially cheap prices. This "dumping" practice is contributing to import surges in many developing countries, with effect on rural livelihoods and also on the trade balance. Northern agricultural subsidies should be eliminated and phased out as soon as possible. Developing countries should be permitted to protect their small farmers on grounds of food security and rural ovelihoods. The worst scenario, which quite possibly mat materialse, would be for Northern protection to continue, while developing countries have vto reduce their tariffs further under WTO rules or loan conditionality.
• On industrial products, developing countries must be allowed the flexibility to choose the pace and rate of their liberalization. In previous Rounds, developing countries by and large had such flexibility. However, many developing countrues have suffered deindustrialisation, with closure of local industries, due mainly to loan conditionality of the Bretton Woods institutions. In the WTO, there are several proposals for a non-linear formula which if accepted would drastically reduce the industrial tariffs of developing countries and threaten the viability of their local industries. Another result is increased imports and wider trade deficits, affecting financial resources.
• The so-called Singapore issues of investment, competition, transparency in government procurement and trade facilitation, should be dropped from the WTO agenda. Most developing countries are against having WTO agreements on these issues as they would severely constrain their development policy space. These issues are so controversial that they have impeded progress in other areas. Since there was an offer by the main proponent of these issues to drop three of these issues in the Cancun Ministerial meeting, and they are no longer demandeurs of these issues, it would now be timely to drop these issues altogether and thus pave the way for more goodwill for negotiating the other WTO issues such as agriculture.
• On patenting of drugs, the developing countries should now establish national policies and laws to enable measures such as compulsory licensing so that morfe affordable medicines can be supplied to patients.
• The commodities crisis continues to afflict a large number of developing countries. A comprehensive international approach should be taken, including the revival of cooperation among producer and consumer countries to facilitate realigning of supply to demand, and stabilization of prices at levels that can meet the needs of developing countries.
Participatory Governance
The imbalances in global governance in trade and finance have contributed to the lack of benefits and the problems facing developing countries in the area of financing for development. A democratization of the Bretton Woods institutions and the WTO is required, for develop0ing countries to participate more equitably in decisions that affect them. The current method of selecting the IMF managing director, the position of which is seen as the prerogative of European countries, is only a topical example of the inequities of the global systems of economic decision-making.
Conclusions
The finance situation in the world and in developing countries has not improved since Monterrey and in some areas it has deteriorated. The FFD process must be revitalized, on the basis of fundamental rethinking. Coherence and cooperation in policy should be based on this rethinking.
We need to switch from the one size fits all policy conditionality of the Bretton Woods institutions, and tailor policies to fit the needs of each country.
We need to move away from the "level playing field" assumptions of the WTO, and instead build the development dimension into the heart of the rules and operating principles of the system.
We need to switch from the concept of "mainstreaming trade and financial liberalization in development" to the more appropriate concept of "mainstreaming development needs into trade and finance policies and systems."
We need to move from a piecemeal and unsatisfactory approach to debt, and have a comprehensive treatment of the problem, and to build a new international financial architecture that regulates capital flows and end the series of financial crises.
We need to reverse the net outflow of financial resources from the developing countries, and to tackle the factors that lead to this drain so that resources flow to the developing countries instead.
And finally we need to bridge the democratic deficit in the global institutions. The quotas in the Bretton Woods institutions are long outdated, lack fairness and legitimacy. The WTO decision-making system should be modernized, and make the transition to a truly multilateral and democratic organization where developing countries are allowed to fully participate. More space must be given to civil society so that its voices can be heard.
The NGOs have in recent years played an increasingly important role in FFD related issues. For example, the Jubilee campaign succeeded in increasing public awareness and mobilizing public opinion on the need for settling the debt problem. The NGOs are committed to continuing and increasing our work in the FFD issues and arena. We hope the governments and the UN system will be up to the challenge too.
